Research Utilization

Research Utilization Research Utilization Home›Research Posts›Research Utilization Research PostsAbstractThis paper seeks to examine the necessity of a medical home subject to the findings of the various research articles. This will be achieved through summarizing the findings as already established through the various researches in relation to the topic of the study. The paper will also address the steps that will be undertaken towards the implementation process of the research findings in practice. This will be a guideline to all the users of the available information in the field.The barriers that one may encounter while implementing the findings of the study will also be pinpointed. This will ensure that the users of the information are aware of the risks involved. Therefore, they will be in a position to come up with strategic measures on how to counter these barriers. Finally, the paper will also address the three elements of practice that ought to be addressed such that they conform to the fi ndings of the researches that were carried out.Summary of FindingsSeveral studies have been carried in a bid to establish the contribution of medical homes in the provision of quality health care. According to Steven et.al (2011), it was clearly evident that new enrollees in various medical homes were perceived to access better primary care as compared to when they were not in the medical homes. This was as notified by the parents of the vulnerable children who had been enrolled in the medical homes in search of primary care.According to a study carried out by Crabtree et.al (2011), it was noted that the models that were being implemented in provision of health care needed to be modified. This would ensure that required data and all the necessary resources were provided for in order to establish medical homes. It would help in the transformation process of the medical homes In the United States of America. Hollingsworth (2011) also established that most of the visits by patients to the physicians were those made by established patients. This created the need to have them catered for in a medical home where they had quick access to the physicians.Solberg et al (2011) found out that most of the clinics that were being established throughout the nations soon disappeared. This created the necessity to come up with medical homes that would that provision of health care was not disrupted at any time. Rosenthal (2008) also established that most of the patients preferred medical homes in terms of provision of health care. This was because the patients’ level of satisfaction was established to be higher from those who accessed medical care from medical homes.Steps to implement research findings in practiceIt is extremely crucial for medical practitioners and the society at large to join hands in ensuring that there is provision of quality health care. This will be achieved through the appreciating and implementing the findings as presented above. This calls for the n eed to come up with steps that are to be followed in the implementation process.One of the initial steps is the need to collectively fund the projects that will work towards the establishment of the medical homes throughout the United States of America. This will ensure that this preferred source of primary care is accessible to all the patients who seek its services. The funds will also be sued to install all of the necessary machines so as to ensure that the medical homes are in a position to cater for various conditions.Another step would be the coming up together of physicians in a bid to provide the health care services in these medical homes. This would ensure that the necessary professionals are within reach in the medical homes. Eventually, the attainable satisfaction and quality delivery of primary care will be attained.Barriers to the implementation of research findingsOne of the barriers towards the establishment of medical homes is the lack of adequate funds to establish the medical homes. This can be solved through the involvement of the government in the process.Another barrier could be the accessibility of the necessary machines in order to attend to patients. This could be resolved through approaching manufacturing firms such that they are able to sell the machines at a subsidized price.Three element of practice that should be changed, based on the findingsOne of the elements in practice that ought to be changed is the model of approaches that are being utilized in provision of medical care. This is as already established by Crabtree et.al (2011). This would ensure that the models implemented are cost effective. This is such that the patients subjected to these models are able to afford the services at the set fee.Another element is the reasons behind the provision of primary care. This is because many of the clinics being established eventually disappear. This means that there is the need to ensure that the central aim of the service provision centers is provision of medical care. This would be achieved through the establishment of medical homes that are community based.Another element that needs to be changed is in the view of chronic conditions. This means that there is the need for medical practitioners to create awareness to the patients on the need to receive medical care from within medical homes. This will ensure that they have particular physicians following up their conditions. This will lead to quality health care provided in the medical homes.From the above analysis, it is evident that the establishment of medical homes will lead to improved social care throughout the United States of America.

How Guilty is Agamemnon in the Iliad

It is important to assess the character of Agamemnon that is presented in the works of Homer. More importantly one does have to ask how much of Homers character has been transplanted into Aeschylus Orestia. Does Aeschylus character have similar character traits to the original? Does Aeschylus alter the emphasis of Agamemnons character and his guilt as he has altered the theme of his murder? Agamemnons Character Firstly one must examine the character of Agamemnon, which Homer presents to his readers. The Homeric Agamemnon character is one of a man who has enormous power and social position, but he is depicted as a man who is not necessarily the best-qualified man for such power and position. Agamemnon constantly needs to receive the advice of his council. Homers Agamemnon allows, on many occasions, his over-wrought emotions to govern major and critical decisions. Perhaps it would be true to say that Agamemnon is trapped within a role greater than his ability. While there are serious failures in Agamemnons character he does show great devotion to and concern for his brother, Menelaos. Yet Agamemnon is extremely conscious that the structure of his society rests upon the return of Helen to his brother. He is totally aware of the critical importance of family order in his society and that Helen must be returned by any means necessary if his society is to remain strong and cohesive. What is clear from Homers representation of Agamemnon is that he is a deeply flawed character. One of his greatest faults is his inability to realise that as a king he must not succumb to his own desires and emotions. He refuses to accept that the position of authority that he finds himself in demands responsibility and that his personal whims and desires should be secondary to the needs of his community. Even though Agamemnon is a highly accomplished warrior, as a king he often exhibits, contrary to the ideal of kingship: stubbornness, cowardice and at certain times even immaturity. The epic itself presents the character of Agamemnon as a character who is righteous in a sense, but very flawed morally. Over the course of The Iliad, however, Agamemnon does seem to learn, eventually, from his many mistakes and by the time of its closing passages Agamemnon has evolved into a much greater leader than he previously was. Agamemnon in The Odyssey In Homers Odyssey, Agamemnon is once again present, this time however, in a greatly limited form. It is in book III where Agamemnon is mentioned for the first time. Nestor recounts the events leading up to Agamemnons murder. What is interesting to note here is where the emphasis is placed for Agamemnons murder. Clearly it is Aegisthus who is blamed for his death. Motivated by greed and lust Aegisthus betrayed the trust of Agamemnon and seduced his wife Clytemnestra. Homer repeats the telling of the fall of Agamemnon many times throughout the epic. The most likely reason for this is that the story of Agamemnons betrayal and assassination are used to contrast the murderous infidelity of Clytemnestra with that of the dedicated loyalty of Penelope. Aeschylus however, is not concerned with Penelope. His plays of the Orestia are completely devoted to the murder of Agamemnon and its consequences. Aeschylus Agamemnon does have similar character traits to the Homeric version of the character. During his brief appearance on stage his behaviour demonstrates his arrogant and boorish Homeric roots. In the opening stages of the Agamemnon the chorus describes Agamemnon as a great and courageous warrior, one who destroyed the mighty army and city of Troy. Yet after praising the character of Agamemnon, the chorus recounts that in order to change the winds in order to get to Troy, Agamemnon sacrificed his own daughter, Iphigenia. One is immediately presented with the crucial problem of Agamemnons character. Is he a man who is virtuous and ambitious or cruel and guilty of his daughters murder? The Sacrifice of Iphigenia The sacrifice of Iphigenia is a complicated issue. It is clear that Agamemnon was in an unenviable position before sailing to Troy. In order to have his revenge for Paris crime, and in order to aid his brother he must commit a further, perhaps worse crime. Iphigenia, Agamemnons daughter has to be sacrificed so that the battle fleet of the Greek forces can avenge the reckless actions of Paris and Helen. In this context, the act of sacrificing ones kin for the sake of the state could indeed be deemed a righteous act. Agamemnons decision to sacrifice his daughter could be deemed a logical decision, especially since the sacrifice was for the sack of Troy and the victory of the Greek army. Despite this apparent justification, perhaps Agamemnons sacrifice of his daughter was a flawed and wrong action. One could argue that he sacrifices his daughter on the altar of his own ambition. What is clear, however, is Agamemnon is responsible for the blood that he has spilled and that his drive and ambition, which can be witnessed in Homer, does seem to have been a factor in the sacrifice. Despite the ill-fated decisions of Agamemnons driving ambition, he is depicted by the chorus as virtuous nonetheless. The chorus presents Agamemnon as a moral character, a man who faced the dilemma of whether or not to kill his own daughter for the good of the state. Agamemnon fought the city of Troy for the sake of virtue and for the state; therefore he has to be a virtuous character. Although we are told of his act against his daughter Iphigenia, we are given insight on Agamemnons moral dilemma in the early stages of the play, therefore one is given the impression that this character does in fact have a sense of virtue and principles. Agamemnon contemplation of his situation is described with much grief. He illustrates his internal conflict in his speeches; What do I become? A monster to myself, to the whole world, And to all future time, a monster, Wearing my daughters blood. In a sense, Agamemnons sacrifice of his daughter is somewhat justified in that if he did not obey the command of the goddess Artemis, it would have led to utter destruction of his army and of the honour code he must follow in order to be a noble ruler. In spite of the virtuous and honourable picture that the chorus presents of Agamemnon, it is not long before we see that Agamemnon is flawed yet again. When Agamemnon makes his victorious return from Troy he proudly parades Cassandra, his mistress, before his wife and the chorus. Agamemnon is represented as a man who is extremely arrogant and disrespectful to his wife, of whose infidelity he must be ignorant. Agamemnon speaks to his wife disrespectfully and with contempt. Here Agamemnons actions are dishonourable. Despite Agamemnons long absence from Argos, he does not greet his wife with words of delight as she does to him. Instead, he embarrasses her in front of the chorus and his new mistress, Cassandra. His language here is particularly blunt. It does seem that Agamemnon considered acting over-masculine in these opening passages. Agamemnon presents to us another dishonourable flaw during the dialogue between himself and his wife. Although he does initially refuse to step on the carpet Clytemnestra has had prepared for him, she cunningly induces him to do so, thereby coercing him to go against his principles. This is a key scene in the play because originally Agamemnon refuses to walk the carpet because he does not want to be hailed as a god. Clytemnestra finally convinces -- thanks to her linguistic manipulation -- Agamemnon to walk on the carpet. Because of this Agamemnon defies his principles and transgresses from just being an arrogant king to a king suffering from hubris. Family Guilt The greatest aspect of Agamemnons guilt is that of his familys guilt. (From House of Atreus) The god-defying descendants of Tantalus committed unspeakable crimes that cried out for revenge, ultimately turning brother against brother, father against son, father against daughter and son against mother. It began with Tantalus who served his son Pelops as a meal to the gods to test their omniscience. Demeter alone failed the test and so, when Pelops was restored to life, he had to make do with an ivory shoulder. When it came time for Pelops to marry, he chose Hippodamia, the daughter of Oenomaus, king of Pisa. Unfortunately, the king lusted after his own daughter and contrived to murder all her more appropriate suitors during a race that he had fixed. Pelops had to win this race to Mount Olympus in order to win his bride, and he did by loosening the lynchpins in Oenomaus chariot, thereby killing his would-be father-in-law. Pelops and Hippodamia had two sons, Thyestes and Atreus, who murdered an illegitimate son of Pelops to please their mother. Then they went into exile in Mycenae, where their brother-in-law held the throne. When he died, Atreus finagled control of the kingdom, but Thyestes seduced Atreus wife, Aerope, and stole Atreus golden fleece. As a result Thyestes once again went into exile. Believing that he had been forgiven by his brother Thyestes eventually he returned and dined at the meal his brother had provided him. When the final course was brought in, the identity of Thyestes meal was revealed, for the platter contained the heads of all his children except the infant, Aegisthus. Thyestes cursed his brother and fled. Agamemnons Fate Agamemnons fate is directly linked with his violent family past. His death appears to be the result of several different patterns of revenge. Upon his death, Clytemnestra does remark that she hopes that the thrice gorged demon of the family can be appeased. As the ruler of all of Argos and husband to the duplicitous Clytemnestra, Agamemnon is highly a complicated character and it is very difficult to distinguish whether he is virtuous or immoral. There are many multi-facets of Agamemnon as a character. At times he is depicted as being very moral, and at other times, completely immoral. Although his presence in the play is very brief, his actions are the roots and the reasons for much of the conflict in all three plays of the trilogy. Not only that, but Agamemnons hopeless dilemma to seek vengeance through the use of violence sets the stage for much of the dilemmas yet to come in the trilogy, thereby making Agamemnon an essential character in Oresteia. Due to Agamemnons sacrifice of his daughter for the sake of ambition and the curse of the House of Atreus, both crimes ignite a spark in the Oresteia that compels the characters to seek a revenge that has no end. Both crimes seem to indicate Agamemnons guilt, some of it as a result of his own actions but conversely another portion of his guilt is that of his fathers and his ancestors. One could argue that had not Agamemnon and Atreus sparked the initial flame to the curses, this vicious cycle would have been less likely to occur and such bloodshed would have not transpired. However, it seems from the Oresteia that these brutal murderous actions were required as some form of blood sacrifice to appease divine anger with the house of Atreus. When one reaches the close of the trilogy it appears that the hunger of the thrice gorged demon has finally been satisfied. Agamemnon Bibliography Michael Gagarin - Aeschylean Drama - Berkeley University of California Press - 1976Simon Goldhill - The Oresteia - Cambridge University Press - 1992Simon Bennett - Tragic drama the family - Yale University Press - 1993

Crime Control Of The Police - 884 Words

The paramilitary organization of the police has naturally created a unique police subculture that mimics how it functions. The culture is based upon bravery, secrecy, autonomy and isolation from the outsiders (non-police) (Kappeler et al 2006, 289-91). The organization enforces these traditional and very military-like values because being a police officer is seen as a high honour and a foundation of society: it is held to the highest praise and nobility in society at large. The tremendous pressure from all the different stakeholders (public, government, media, etc) must be acknowledge and afforded its share of the blame. In this age there is a common belief that crime is increasing and that the police are never doing enough to counteract it. The tight crime control policies in this age of information is a rather ridiculous load to bear for police officers who play several roles on the job causing a lot of strain, which only stands to reinforce the culture of solidarity, authorita rianism and segregation. Conversely, pressure cannot be the only factor that hinders the progress of CP initiatives because this reinforced police subculture is a reflection of the organization which has an effect on the activities of its employees (Gultekin 2014, 2). Therefore, the relationship between organization, culture and overall performance and adherence to objectives is rather significant in explaining why this particular organizational model is ineffective. These factors cause aShow MoreRelatedThe Police Visibility and Its Effect in Crime Prevention and Control3160 Words   |  13 PagesTHE POLICE VISIBILITY AND ITS EFFECT IN CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL A Proposed Thesis Study Presented To MR. EDUARDO C. 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It will also examine the current status of hot spot policing , its benefits, and its limitations. Police random preventive patrol by a mobile police force was the hallmark of the Reform Era of policing. Police officers were expected to remain in their â€Å"rolling fortresses,† going from one call to the next with all due haste (Manning, 1971). Officers were evaluated based on outputs, such as miles drivenRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesmain objectives for the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. 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In most cases, policing is carried out by the police, which is a state-organized specialist organization. Due to its incorporation of social functions and use for social order, the concept of policing is regarded more as a social idea that is similar to the general idea of social control. However, this concept does not include of all the activities that are geared towards the achievement of social order. Despite ofRead MorePolice Corruption within XYZ Organization Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesOverview My memorandum is to address the issue of police corruption within xyz organization. Over quite a period of time, my investigation has revealed that police corruption has become a significant problem in this particular organization. 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The broken windowsRead MoreThe Crime Control Model1564 Words   |  7 Pages The crime control model and the due process model are two different, yet similar models that was identified by Herbert Pecker and that are used in the criminal justice process. However, how important are these models in the criminal justice process? And is it necessary for us to have both of these models which to an extent performs similar outcomes. To answer these questions this essay will explaining the meaning of these two models, in addition, it will be looking at the differences that there

Mobile telecommunication Free Essays

Mobile phones are now seen as necessities rather than luxuries and market penetration (the percentage of the population owning mobile phones) Is very high and growing. A recent report put market penetration In the western E as a whole at 90 per cent In 2004 and predicted that this will rise to 100 per cent by 2007. In some European countries (including the ELK) penetration is in excess of 100 per cent as individuals have more than one mobile phone. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile telecommunication or any similar topic only for you Order Now This high level of market penetration in the developed world does not mean that the racket is saturated as the advent of 36 technology has opened up the market and will lead to people trading up to more expensive phones. In addition there is an explosion of demand In the developing world. Current competition It Is necessary to look at two aspects of the market as they are Inextricably linked together – the market for mobile handsets and the market for network operators. In both cases the market is oligopolies, as Tables 13. 13 and 13. 4 show. The market leader for handsets is Monika. However, its position is under threat -its market share in the UK in 2002 was 52 per cent. Ionians main problem was the failure to recognize and meet the increased demand for camera flip-phones. It responded to this criticism by launching a new range of seven handsets in April 2005. The percentages shares of the other manufacturers remained fairly constant between 2002 and 2004, although LOG is a new entrant and the ‘others’ group increased Its market share from 10 per cent to 18 per cent. The market for mobile phone handsets in the UK Manufacturer Monika Siemens Sony Ericson Samsung Motorola Others % share of the I-J market, 2004 36 10 18 Table 13. 3 The market for network operators in the UK Network Avoidance Orange 02 T-Mobile Virgin Mobile 3 Tests % share of the UK market, 2004 25 17 01 source: Minute, 2004 There are three large providers of mobile networks in the I-J, with very little between them in terms of market share. In 2002 Orange was the market leader with 27 per cent of the market while Avoidance accounted for 26 per cent of the market; 3 and Tests are new entrants to the market. The market for pay-as-you-go mobile phones is approximately twice the size of the contract market. Power of buyers Mobile phones are mainly for personal use (by 65. 2 per cent of adults) rather than business use (4. 8 per cent of adults). Statistically, the user of a mobile phone is most likely to be single, young and female. Figure 13. 3 shows the ownership of mobile phones in the I-J by age. Ownership is lowest in the 55 years and over age group and the handset manufacturers and network operators recognize this. 2 is working with Saga (the insurance group for the over ass) to launch a deal for the over-ass and Avoidance launched a new handset called Simply in May 2005 which is aimed at the older racket – it has an easy-to-read screen and larger buttons and does not carry many of the more complex features. Figure 13. 3 Source: Keynote, 2005 Although buyers cannot exert a great deal of market power, the high level of competition and easy availability of information on handset prices and network operators means that it is easy to shop around for the best deal. Threat of new entry The barriers to entry in this industry were very high and included access to networks, the cost of license purchase and the cost of brand building. In recent years these barriers have fallen dramatically. The advent of virtual networks has reduced the necessity for access to a network. Virgin is a mobile virtual network operator (NOVO) as it buys spare capacity from T-Mobile and sells it on to consumers. Tests and 02 have a similar relationship. At one time the handset manufacturers also had to manufacture the base stations (used to provide mobile phone coverage) which were very expensive to produce. This was a very effective cost barrier to entry for smaller handset producers. This is no longer necessary as radio chips and other software can increasingly be bought ‘off the shelf. Manufacture of handsets is being subcontracted by some of the larger handset manufacturers and these subcontractors themselves are starting to sell handsets under their own name. Been is an example of such a company. If this starts to happen on a large scale, there will be a threat to the position and market share of the incumbent market leaders. In Table 13. 13 the category of ‘others’ grew from 10 per cent in 2002 to the 18 per cent shown in the table for 2004. A further threat to the position of handset manufacturers is the manufacture of handsets by the mobile operators themselves – Orange, for example, sells own brand handsets. This has the effect of tying the handset user into the operating network. In the ELK, there is evidence that there is room for new entrants – Sends for example, claims a 5 per cent market share in the I-J in 2005. Sends was founded in the UK in 1999 and initially supplied handsets to the network operators. It now supplies handsets under its own name through Internet sales and also through the giant retail supermarket Tests. Another barrier to entry which has fallen in recent years is the ‘switching cost’ uncured by users when they change between networks. Although users of pay-as you- go still have to pay a fee for ‘unlocking the phone which can amount to as much as EYE. O, operators will provide handsets free to customers who take out a contract for 12 months. In addition, a major obstacle to changing networks – having to change your telephone number – now no longer exists. Although there are no obvious substitutes for the mobile phone, there a number of developments in this area. The advent of 36 technology which was launched in 2004 mainly for business customers will be extended to personal users by the end of 2005. This will offer better features like AD effects and faster access to the Internet and games. New products will offer the ability to watch films and sporting events as they happen. BIT has developed a hybrid phone – called BIT Fusion – which was launched in June 2005. Fusion operates as a mobile phone when outside the home but switches to the cheaper broadband line when the phone is inside the home. This reduces the cost of usage. Mobile email is seen as a growth area as Microsoft launched a new version of the Windows operating system designed specifically for mobile phones in May 2005. This is mainly used by business but could easily be extended into personal use. Power of suppliers The large manufacturers now subcontract much of their manufacturing to smaller subcontractors like Sends (mentioned above). On the one hand, this gives them increased flexibility in production but, on the other, it allows the subcontractors to enter the market and eventually to compete in their own right – what is there to stop the operators bypassing the handset manufacturers completely? It is likely that this development will change the power relations between the handset manufacturers and their suppliers and could possibly result in co-production and co-marketing of the handsets in the longer term. In the race for market share, manufacturers and operators have to offer maximum quality and range of services. The content becomes crucial. The exploitation of the G market requires the best range of content and handset manufacturers are negotiating deals with content suppliers; Avoidance has teamed up with Disney and Sony to provide content for their phones. These large organizations will undoubtedly have some degree of market power over the handset manufacturers simply because of their size and already established market power. From this analysis it can be seen that, although this market is one with very high market penetration, it is not a saturated market. There is scope for new entry to the market and for the development of new products and new markets. The market conditions which gave rise to domination by the large vertically integrated giants like Monika and Motorola have largely disappeared and smaller manufacturers are entering the market. How to cite Mobile telecommunication, Papers

International Institutions Contribution to Justice after War or Political Violence

Available scholarship demonstrates that international institutions continue to play a fundamental role not only in peacebuilding initiatives but also in the provision of justice for victims in post-conflict societies (Meernik, Nicholas, King 309).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘International Institutions’ Contribution to Justice after War or Political Violence’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper uses the Ugandan and South African case studies to locate the importance of international institutions in contributing to justice within a state after war or political aggression, and also the extent to which these institutions reflect problematic conceptions or relations of power that might hinder justice. In terms of contributions, it can be argued that international institutions such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) act to provide justice and truth in post-conflict societies wit h weak judicial systems, hence contributing to peacebuilding by removing war criminals and peace spoilers (Meernik et al 309). By referring the political conflict concerning the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) to the ICC for action to be taken on the principal perpetrators including the leader Joseph Kony, the Ugandan government hoped that such a legal process would bring lasting harmony and justice to the war-torn northern Uganda (Branch 179). This objective appears to have been met as it has been a while now since the LRA caused breached peace in Uganda, though analysts still believe that the guerilla outfit is still active. It is also clear that international institutions contribute immensely to the achievement of peace and justice in post-conflict societies by deterrence (Meernik et al 309). However, going by the Ugandan case, this contribution is yet to be validated as critics argue that the ICC interventions in Uganda have indeed complicated the situation by removing †Å"the LRA’s command’s incentive to leave the bush, which has made peace talks difficult, if not impossible† (Branch 183). According to these authors, it is obvious that nobody has the capacity to convince the LRA leaders in the Ugandan case to come to the negotiating table in the presence of international arrest warrants by the ICC.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of the international institutions adopt the Nuremburg model in ensuring that they use the due process to serve justice to war crimes perpetrators and victims (Mamdani 33). In this context, institutions such as the ICC are seen to contribute to justice by judiciously dealing with perpetrators while contributing to enhancements in human rights and the sustenance of peace. But while it is clear that most international institutions adopt the Nuremburg model in developing interventions aimed at achieving justice and healing, a challenge exists in that politically-instigated mass violence cannot be holistically perceived as a criminal matter since the criminal actions it involves have profound political consequences (Mamdani 33). When deeply entrenched political interests and power games are involved, international institutions have largely been unable to provide the needed justice as most are seen as interested parties in the conflict (Branch 185). For instance, the ICC has often been accused in the Ugandan cases as a decoy used by Western powers to destabilize nations for political gains. Some commentators are of the opinion that international institutions such as the ICC have no capacity to provide justice due to their overreliance of the Nuremberg model, whereby powerful countries are seen to take the role of both the prosecutor and the judges (Mamdani 33). In such a situation, it would be plausible to employ the CODESA and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (T RC) models, which originated from South Africa when the country was seeking to bring justice to victims of the apartheid era. In the South African context, a local solution was found to deal with apartheid conflicts when TRC granted amnesty in return for truth-telling and seeking for forgiveness (Mamdani 33-34). Lastly, the potential for international institutions to avail justice in post-conflict societies appears limited by the institutions’ orientation to deal with those in power while forgetting that they too could have been instrumental in fueling conflicts or committing atrocities. In the Ugandan case, for example the government-instigated violence has been largely downplayed in ICC investigations as the Office of the Prosecutor limits its focus to LRA’s brutality (Branch 182). Works Cited Branch, Adam. â€Å"Uganda’s Civil War and the Politics of ICC Intervention.† Ethics International Affairs. 21.2 (2007): 179-198. Academic Search Premier. Web.Ad vertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘International Institutions’ Contribution to Justice after War or Political Violence’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mamdani, Mahmoud. â€Å"The Logic of Nuremburg.† London Review of Books. 35.21 (2013): 33-34. Web. Meernik, James D., Angela Nicholas and Kim L. King. â€Å"The Impact of International Tribunals and Domestic Trials on Peace and Human Rights after Civil War.† International Studies Perspectives. 11.4 (2010): 309-334. Academic Search Premier. Web. 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Free Essays on Erik Peterson

The problems facing Erik Peterson In this case, Erik Peterson had faced sever situation in GMCT. For example, he had not even known that to whom he should report. He thought that he should report to Jenkins directly before, but in reality, he had to report to Jeff Hardy as his supervisor. Furthermore, he could not receive any useful advices or comments from Jeff Hardy because he had not had system operating experiences ever. That made him isolated in the position and more or less, it caused system implementation to fall behind the schedule. Also one more big issue was his direct subordinate Curt Andrew. He did not have right skill for the planning aspects of the chief engineer’s job, which was in critical role in the system construction. Thus, problems Erik surrounded were so tough and challenging one. To review such situation objectively, I think there were four main issues as follows. Improper job assignment Insufficient reporting relationship with supervisor Unclear salary policy Communication gap Improper job assignment Jeff Hardy and Curt Andrews were typical case for this problem. Jeff was a director of budget and plans and he was Erik’s direct supervisor. But he did not have any sufficient skill and experience. Therefore, he could not give any advice and supports to Erik. And Curt was a chief Engineer but he had difficulties in handling the planning aspects of the chief engineer’s job. Those situations are possibly based on skill-mismatch between position and its staff. In my opinion, I think Erik is also mismatch to his position because he also had not had enough experience in system operation field before. Insufficient reporting relationship with supervisor As for reporting, Erik had tried to communicate with his supervisor Jeff Hardy many times, but he could not understand what’s going on in practice and what caused several problems in the project. Consequently, it assumed that Jenk... Free Essays on Erik Peterson Free Essays on Erik Peterson The problems facing Erik Peterson In this case, Erik Peterson had faced sever situation in GMCT. For example, he had not even known that to whom he should report. He thought that he should report to Jenkins directly before, but in reality, he had to report to Jeff Hardy as his supervisor. Furthermore, he could not receive any useful advices or comments from Jeff Hardy because he had not had system operating experiences ever. That made him isolated in the position and more or less, it caused system implementation to fall behind the schedule. Also one more big issue was his direct subordinate Curt Andrew. He did not have right skill for the planning aspects of the chief engineer’s job, which was in critical role in the system construction. Thus, problems Erik surrounded were so tough and challenging one. To review such situation objectively, I think there were four main issues as follows. Improper job assignment Insufficient reporting relationship with supervisor Unclear salary policy Communication gap Improper job assignment Jeff Hardy and Curt Andrews were typical case for this problem. Jeff was a director of budget and plans and he was Erik’s direct supervisor. But he did not have any sufficient skill and experience. Therefore, he could not give any advice and supports to Erik. And Curt was a chief Engineer but he had difficulties in handling the planning aspects of the chief engineer’s job. Those situations are possibly based on skill-mismatch between position and its staff. In my opinion, I think Erik is also mismatch to his position because he also had not had enough experience in system operation field before. Insufficient reporting relationship with supervisor As for reporting, Erik had tried to communicate with his supervisor Jeff Hardy many times, but he could not understand what’s going on in practice and what caused several problems in the project. Consequently, it assumed that Jenk...

Gwangju Massacre in South Korea

Gwangju Massacre in South Korea Tens of thousands of students and other protestors poured into the streets of Gwangju (Kwangju), a city in southwestern South Korea in the spring of 1980. They were protesting the state of martial law that had been in force since a coup that previous year, which had brought down the dictator Park Chung-hee and replaced him with military strongman General Chun Doo-hwan. As the protests spread to other cities, and the protestors raided army depots for weapons, the new president expanded his earlier declaration of martial law. Universities and newspaper offices were shuttered, and political activity was banned. In response, the protestors seized control of Gwangju. On May 17, President Chun sent additional army troops to Gwangju, armed with riot gear and live ammunition. Background to the Gwangju Massacre The portraits of former president Park Chung-hee and his wife Yuk Young-soo. Yuk Young-soo was killed in 1974 during an attempted assassination of Park Chung-hee. Woohae Cho​/Getty Images  Ã‚   On October 26, 1979, South Korean President Park Chung-hee was assassinated while visiting a gisaeng house (Korean geisha house) in Seoul. General Park had seized power in a 1961 military coup and ruled as a dictator until Kim Jae-kyu, the Director of Central Intelligence, killed him. Kim claimed that he assassinated the president because of the increasingly harsh crackdown on student protests over the countrys increasing economic woes, brought about in part by skyrocketing world oil prices. The following morning, martial law was declared, the National Assembly (Parliament) was disbanded, and all public meetings of more than three people were banned, with an exception only for funerals. Political speech and gatherings of all kinds were prohibited. Nonetheless, many Korean citizens were optimistic about the change, since they now had a civilian acting president, Choi Kyu-hah, who promised among other things to halt the torture of political prisoners. The moment of sunshine faded quickly, however. On December 12, 1979, Army Security Commander General Chun Doo-Hwan, who was in charge of investigating President Parks assassination, accused the army chief of staff with conspiring to kill the president. General Chun ordered troops down from the DMZ and invaded the Department of Defense building in Seoul, arresting thirty of his fellow generals and accusing them all of complicity in the assassination. With this stroke, General Chun effectively seized power in South Korea, although President Choi remained as a figurehead. In the days that followed, Chun made it clear that dissent would not be tolerated. He extended martial law to the entire country  and sent police squads to the homes of pro-democracy leaders and student organizers to intimidate potential opponents. Among the targets of these intimidation tactics were the student leaders at Chonnam University in Gwangju... In March 1980, a new semester began, and university students and professors who had been banned from campus for political activities were allowed to return. Their calls for reform - including freedom of the press, and an end to martial law, and free and fair elections - grew louder as the semester progressed. On May 15, 1980, approximately 100,000 students marched on Seoul Station demanding reform. Two days later, General Chun promulgated even harsher restrictions, closing down universities and newspapers once more, arresting hundreds of student leaders, and also arresting twenty-six political opponents, including Kim Dae-jung of Gwangju. May 18, 1980 Outraged by the crackdown, about 200 students went to the front gate of Chonnam University in Gyungju early on the morning of May 18. There they met thirty paratroopers, who had been sent to keep them off the campus. The paratroopers charged the students with clubs, and the students responded by throwing rocks. The students then marched downtown, attracting more supporters as they went. By early afternoon, local police were overwhelmed by 2,000 protestors, so the military sent about 700 paratroopers into the fray. The paratroopers charged into the crowd, bludgeoning the students and passersby. A deaf 29-year-old, Kim Gyeong-cheol, became the first fatality; he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time, but the soldiers beat him to death. May 19-20 Throughout the day on May 19, more and more furious residents of Gwangju joined the students in the streets, as reports of increasing violence filtered through the city. Businessmen, housewives, taxi drivers - people of all walks of life marched out to defend the youth of Gwangju. Demonstrators hurled rocks and Molotov cocktails at the soldiers. By the morning of May 20, there were more than 10,000 people protesting downtown. That day, the army sent in an additional 3,000 paratroopers. The special forces beat people with clubs, stabbed and mutilated them with bayonets, and threw at least twenty to their deaths from high buildings. The soldiers used tear gas and live ammunition indiscriminately, shooting into the crowds. Troops shot dead twenty girls at Gwangjus Central High School. Ambulance and cab drivers who tried to take the wounded to hospitals were shot. One hundred students who sheltered in the Catholic Center were slaughtered. Captured high school and university students had their hands tied behind them with barbed wire; many were then summarily executed. May 21 On May 21, the violence in Gwangju escalated to its height. As the soldiers fired round after round into the crowds, protesters broke into police stations and armories, taking rifles, carbines and even two machine guns. Students mounted one of the machine guns on the roof of the universitys medical school. The local police refused further aid to the army; troops beat some police officers unconscious for attempting to help the injured. It was all-out urban warfare. By 5:30 that evening, the army was forced to retreat from downtown Gwangju in the face of the furious citizens. The Army Leaves Gwangju By the morning of May 22, the army had pulled out entirely from Gwangju, establishing a cordon around the city. A bus full of civilians attempted to escape the blockade on May 23; the army opened fire, killing 17 of the 18 people aboard. That same day, army troops accidentally opened fire on one another, killing 13 in a friendly-fire incident in the Songam-dong neighborhood. Meanwhile, inside Gwangju, teams of professionals and students formed committees to provide medical care for the wounded, funerals for the dead, and compensation for the families of victims. Influenced by Marxist ideals, some of the students arranged to cook communal meals for the people of the city. For five days, the people ruled Gwangju. As word of the massacre spread throughout the province, anti-government protests broke out in nearby cities including Mokpo, Gangjin, Hwasun, and Yeongam. The army fired on protestors in Haenam, as well. The Army Retakes the City On May 27, at 4:00 in the morning, five divisions of paratroopers moved into Gwangjus downtown. Students and citizens tried to block their way by lying in the streets, while the armed citizen militias prepared for a renewed firefight. After an hour and a half of desperate fighting, the army seized control of the city once more. Casualties in the Gwangju Massacre The Chun Doo-hwan government issued a report stating that 144 civilians, 22 troops, and four police officers had been killed in the Gwangju Uprising. Anyone who disputed their death toll could be arrested. However, census figures reveal that almost 2,000 citizens of Gwangju disappeared during this time period. A small number of the student victims, mostly those who died on May 24, are buried in Mangwol-dong Cemetery near Gwangju. However, eyewitnesses tell of seeing hundreds of bodies dumped in several mass graves on the outskirts of the city. The Aftermath In the aftermath of the horrific Gwangju Massacre, the administration of General Chun lost most of its legitimacy in the eyes of the Korean people. Pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the 1980s cited the Gwangju Massacre  and demanded that the perpetrators face punishment. General Chun held on as president until 1988, when under intense pressure, he allowed democratic elections. Kim Dae-jung, the 15th term President of South Korea from 1998 to 2003, and the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize recipient, speaks on telephone at his home in Seoul, South Korea on June 25, 1987. Nathan Benn​/Getty Images   Kim Dae-Jung, the politician from Gwangju who had been sentenced to death on charges of fomenting the rebellion, received a pardon and ran for president. He did not win, but would later serve as president from 1998 to 2003, and went on to receive a Nobel Peace Prize in 2000. Former President Chun himself was sentenced to death in 1996 for corruption and for his role in the Gwangju Massacre. With the tables turned, President Kim Dae-jung commuted his sentence when he assumed office in 1998. In a very real way, the Gwangju Massacre marked a turning point in the long struggle for democracy in South Korea. Although it took almost a decade, this horrifying event paved the way for free and fair elections  and more transparent civil society. Further Reading on the Gwangju Massacre Flashback: The Kwangju Massacre, BBC News, May 17, 2000. Deirdre Griswold, S. Korean Survivors Tell of 1980 Gwangju Massacre, Workers World, May 19, 2006. Gwangju Massacre Video, Youtube, uploaded May 8, 2007. Jeong Dae-ha, Gwangju Massacre Still Echoes for Loved Ones, The Hankyoreh, May 12, 2012. Shin Gi-Wook and Hwang Kyung Moon. Contentious Kwangju: The May 18 Uprising in Koreas Past and Present, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2003. Winchester, Simon. Korea: A Walk Through the Land of Miracles, New York: Harper Perennial, 2005.